Thus there is relatively little multi-year ice in the Antarctic. The Antarctic sea ice retreats significantly during the summer season or is dispersed by permanent gyres in the two major seas of the Antarctic: the Weddell and the Ross. The Arctic is an ocean surrounded by continents while the Antarctic is a continent surrounded by an ocean. P-1.2 Whilst Arctic and Antarctic waters have a number of similarities, there are also significant differences. When ice is present, it can impose additional loads on the hull, propulsion system and appendages. Cold temperatures may reduce the effectiveness of numerous components of the ship, ranging from deck machinery and emergency equipment to sea suctions. The remoteness of the areas makes rescue or clean-up operations difficult and costly. Poor weather conditions and the relative lack of good charts, communication systems and other navigational aids pose challenges for mariners. P-1.1 Ships operating in the Arctic and Antarctic environments are exposed to a number of unique risks.
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